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Category: Articles » Technology » Multimedia » Article » Article Code

DVD and DVD players

DVD Player - This is a generic term, since there are DVD- Audio, DVD-ROM, DVD-Video players--while DVD- Recordable and DVD-RAM drives are not yet ready for the market. DVD-Video has complex hardware and firmware requirements on the player, and the DVD Player Reference Model specifies the capabilities for a DVD- compliant player for consumer market--outlining the standard and optional sets of features. DVD-Video displays to a TV monitor, but DVD-ROM players will have the hardware (boards) to play DVD-Video and DVD-Audio titles. But, DVD-Video copy protection and regional code issues further complicated ... read more

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DVD Player - This is a generic term, since there are DVD-
 
Audio, DVD-ROM, DVD-Video players--while DVD-
 
Recordable and DVD-RAM drives are not yet ready for the 
 
market. DVD-Video has complex hardware and firmware 
 
requirements on the player, and the DVD Player 
 
Reference Model specifies the capabilities for a DVD-
 
compliant player for consumer market--outlining the 
 
standard and optional sets of features. DVD-Video displays 
 
to a TV monitor, but DVD-ROM players will have the 
 
hardware (boards) to play DVD-Video and DVD-Audio 
 
titles. But, DVD-Video copy protection and regional code 
 
issues further complicated and delayed the marketing of 
 
players, precluding the implementation of some otherwise 
 
acceptable software options, or external devices. It is 
 
expected that newer players will implement the required 
 
copy protection and regional codes.
 

 
DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be 
 
used for data storage, including movies with high video 
 
and sound quality. DVDs resemble compact discs: their 
 
physical dimensions are the same¡ª12cm or the mini 
 
8cm¡ªbut they are encoded in a different format and at a 
 
much higher density. DVDs contain a file system, called 
 
UDF, which is an extension of the ISO 9660 Standard used 
 
for CD-ROMs.
 

 
DVDs are made from a 0.6 mm thick disc of polycarbonate 
 
plastic coated with a much thinner (reflective) aluminum 
 
layer. Two such discs are glued together to form a 1.2 mm 
 
double-sided disc. The substrates are half as thick as a CD 
 
to make it possible to use a lens with a higher numerical 
 
aperture and therefore use smaller pits and narrower 
 
tracks.
 

 
A single-layer DVD can store 4.7 Gbyte, which is around 
 
seven times as much a standard CD-ROM. By employing 
 
a red laser at 650 nm (was 780 nm) wavelength and a 
 
numerical aperture of 0.6 (was 0.45), the read-out 
 
resolution is increased by a factor 1.65. This holds for two 
 
dimensions, so that the actual physical data density 
 
increases by a factor of 3.5. DVD uses a more efficient 
 
coding method in the physical layer. CD's error correction, 
 
CIRC, is replaced by a powerful Reed-Solomon product 
 
code, RS-PC; Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) is 
 
replaced by a more efficient version, EFMPlus, which has 
 
the same characteristics as classic EFM. The CD sub code 
 
is removed. As a result, the DVD format is 47 percent more 
 
efficient with respect to CD-ROM, which uses a 'third' error 
 
correction layer.
 

 
A DVD can contain:
 
DVD-Video (containing movies (video and sound)) 
 
DVD-Audio (containing high-definition sound) 
 
DVD-Data (containing data) 
 

 
The disc medium can be:
 
DVD-ROM (read only, manufactured by a press) 
 
DVD-R/RW (R=Recordable once, RW = Rewritable) 
 
DVD-RAM (random access rewritable) 
 
DVD+R/RW (R=Recordable once, RW = Rewritable) 
 
DVD-R DL (double layer) 
 
DVD+R DL (double layer)

Two DVDs with different bottom sides. 
 
The disc may have one or two sides, and one or two layers 
 
of data per side; the number of sides and layers 
 
determines the disc capacity.

There are several competing DVD Formats:
 

 
DVD-ROM: They are pressed similarly to CDs. The 
 
reflective surface is silver or gold colored. They can be 
 
single-sided/single-layered, single-sided/double-layered, 
 
double-sided/single-layered, or double-sided/double-
 
layered. As of 2004, new double-sided discs have become 
 
increasingly rare. 
 

 
DVD-R for Authoring: Special-purpose DVD-Rs used to 
 
record DVD masters, which can then be duplicated to 
 
pressed DVDs by a duplication plant. They require a 
 
special DVD-R recorder, and are not often used nowadays 
 
since many duplicators can now accept ordinary DVD-R 
 
masters. 
 

 
DVD-R discs (strictly DVD-R for General) can record up to 
 
4.7 GB in a similar fashion to a CD-R disc. Once recorded 
 
and finalized it can be played by most 
 

 
DVD-ROM players. This format is supported by the DVD 
 
Forum. 
 

 
DVD-RW discs can record up to 4.7 GB in a similar fashion 
 
to a CD-RW drive. Supported by the DVD Forum. 
 

 
DVD-R DL: Derivate of DVD-R that uses double-layer 
 
recordable discs to store up to 8.5 GB of data. 
 

 
DVD-RAM: (current specification is version 2.1) require a 
 
special unit to play 4.7GB or 9.4GB recorded discs (DVD-
 
RAM disc are typically housed in a cartridge). 2.6GB discs 
 
can be removed from their caddy and used in DVD-ROM 
 
drives. Top capacity is 9.4GB (4.7GB/side). Supported by 
 
the DVD Forum. 
 

 
DVD+R: Can record up to 4.7 GB single-layered/single-
 
sided DVD+R disc, at up to 16x speed. Like DVD-R you 
 
can record only once. Supported by the DVD+RW Alliance. 
 
DVD+RW: Can record up to 4.7 GB at up to 16x speed. 
 
Since it is rewritable it can be overwritten several times. It 
 
does not need special "pre-pits" or finalization to be played 
 
in a DVD player. Supported by the DVD+RW Alliance. 
 

 
DVD+R DL: Derivate of DVD+R that uses double-layer 
 
recordable discs to store up to 8.5 GB of data. Supported 
 
by the DVD+RW Alliance. 
 

 
DVD-D is a new self-destructing disposable DVD format. 
 
Like the EZ-D, it is sold in an airtight package, and begins 
 
to destroy itself by oxidation after several hours. 
 

 
DVD Plus combines both DVD and CD technologies by 
 
providing the CD layer and a DVD layer.

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